Thursday, September 25, 2025

AI Agentic Design Patterns with AutoGen

AI Agentic Design Patterns with AutoGen

What you’ll learn

  • Build and customize multi-agent systems using AutoGen.
  • Assign agents different roles and enable them to collaborate on complex tasks.
  • Implement agentic design patterns such as multi-agent conversations, tool use, reflection, and planning.

Tuesday, September 23, 2025

Java Coding Problem Solution Practice

 I. Richie Rich

Chef aims to be the richest person in Chefland by his new restaurant franchise. Currently, his assets are worth AA billion dollars and have no liabilities. He aims to increase his assets by XX billion dollars per year.

Also, all the richest people in Chefland are not planning to grow and maintain their current worth.

To be the richest person in Chefland, he needs to be worth at least BB billion dollars. How many years will it take Chef to reach his goal if his value increases by XX billion dollars each year?

Input

  • The first line contains an integer TT, the number of test cases. Then the test cases follow.
  • Each test case contains a single line of input, three integers AA, BB, XX.

Output

For each test case, output in a single line the answer to the problem.

Constraints

  • 1≤T≤21 0001≤T≤21 000
  • 100≤A<B≤200100≤A<B≤200
  • 1≤X≤501≤X≤50
  • XX divides B−ABA

Subtasks

Subtask #1 (100 points): Original constraints

Sample 1:

Input

Output

3
100 200 10
111 199 11
190 200 10
10
8
1     

How to download and run application on Ubuntu or Linux OS with terminal access

 Hello,

So, it is pretty easy to download and run application on “Ubuntu” or “Linux” os, using the terminal. The steps are mentioned below which are as follows.

  1. Open the terminal and simply type, wget -O filename FileLink.
  2. To extract the downloaded file, simply use the command, tar -xzvf file.tar.gz
  3. Then simply type ./filename to run it.

How to mine cryptocurrencies using Gpu/Cpu miner

 Hello,

So, today we would be discussing about how to mine the cryptocurrencies using the Gpu/Cpu miner. So, here are the steps which are as follows.

  1. First, register for the wallet and get the cryptocurrency address.
  2. Then, select pool to mine. In this example let’s discuss about the pool, “unmineable”.
  3. Visit the site, select the coin, and input the address and download the miner, then simply go to the file, and paste the command to start mining.
  4. For example the command looks like.            ./SRBMiner-MULTI –algorithm sha512_256d_radiant –disable-cpu –pool stratum+ssl://sha512256d.unmineable.com:4444 –wallet DOGE:DL6RLyi4LzYd7JY9bNmp6DjcZRqwD8sUMN.unmineable_worker_nagvval                                   ./SRBMiner-MULTI –algorithm sha512_256d_radiant –disable-cpu –pool stratum+ssl://sha512256d.unmineable.com:4444 –wallet BABYDOGE:0xa528412DaDF31F957731320381eD7067B3Ab1922.unmineable_worker_fexqdfzp                                                                                                            ./SRBMiner-MULTI –algorithm randomx –pool stratum+ssl://rx.unmineable.com:443 –wallet RTM:RM5UiyHChKDt6kE9TGPdwh5H7Gg7XppM6Q.unmineable_worker_bobztwbr 
  5. Also, do not forget to replace the address of the crypto with your address and the worker respectively.

     

Note: The above information is provided for educational purposes only.

How to prepare for the interview’s and make resume effectively.

 Hello,

So, today we would be discussing about how to prepare for the interview’s and make the resumes effectively. It has been explained in the following steps:

  1. Firstly, go to the job site, and the position you want to apply for, then simply search for the “JD” and copy that.
  2. Then, go to the chatgpt website and paste the JD, and ask for, “Can you help me in creating a professional resume for the mentioned above job description and also suggest interview preparation tips and questions.
  3. Now, download the resume, and note down, the certifications and projects which are mentioned, and prepare for that skills, and then apply for the position respectively.

Note: The above information is provided for educational purposes only.


What is Google Workplace and Marketplace

 The “Google Workspace Marketplace” is a platform designed to help users discover and integrate third-party applications that extend the functionality of Google Workspace tools like Gmail, Google Docs, Sheets, Drive, and Calendar. It features a diverse range of tools aimed at enhancing productivity, collaboration, and workflow management. 


Some of the widely-used tools available in the marketplace include: 
1. Asana– A powerful tool for managing tasks and projects. 
2. DocuSign – Ideal for digital signatures and streamlining document workflows. 
3. Slack – A popular app for team communication and collaboration. 
4. Zoom– A reliable solution for video meetings and virtual conferences. 
5. Lucidchart– Useful for creating flowcharts and visualizing ideas. 
6. Trello– A tool for organizing tasks and managing projects effectively. 
7. Grammarly– Helps improve writing quality by checking grammar and spelling. 

These apps integrate seamlessly into Google Workspace, providing businesses and individuals with the flexibility to customize their tools for greater efficiency and improved workflows.

Note: The above information is provided for educational purposes only.

How to create animated videos in simple steps

 So, today, the discussion will be about, how to create animated videos in simple steps:

  1. Firstly, get the script or the text which needs to be converted to audio. Here, “chatgpt” can be used
  2. Now, copy the text, and search for, text to audio, in the Google search, and download the audio file.
  3. Now, search, animate from audio, and convert the audio to the animated video. For this example, Adobe can be used.
  4. Simply download the animated video.

Note: The above information is provided for educational purposes only.

How to on the PC if lost the access of the pin or password without resetting the device

 So, today, the discussion would be to how to login to the pc, if the password has been lost. So, please follow the below steps:

  1. Firstly one pendrive is needed.
  2. Then, download and install one operation system named, “Hiren Boot” and open the os.
  3. Now, open the os, and search something similar to, windows login recovery and follow the steps.
  4. Now, if try to boot into the windows os, it should work.

Note: The above information is provided for educational purposes only.

Beginner’s Guide to Installing Tails OS on a USB Drive

 

How to Install Tails OS

What is Tails OS?

Tails OS is a security-focused Linux distribution designed for privacy and anonymity.
It routes all internet traffic through the Tor network and leaves no trace on the device it runs on unless explicitly configured.

Steps to Install and Use Tails OS

1. Download Tails OS

2. Prepare a USB Stick

  • Use a USB stick with at least 8 GB of storage.
  • Backup any data on the USB stick as it will be erased.

3. Install Tails on the USB Stick

Use one of these tools to create a bootable USB stick:

  • Tails Installer: Available on the Tails website.
  • Etcher: A cross-platform tool for flashing images to USB sticks.
  • Rufus: A Windows-based USB creation tool.

4. Boot into Tails

  1. Insert the USB stick into your computer.
  2. Restart your computer.
  3. Access the BIOS/UEFI settings (usually by pressing a key like F2F12Esc, or Del during boot).
  4. Change the boot order to boot from the USB stick.
  5. Save and exit.

5. Configure Tails

  • When Tails starts, you’ll see a Welcome Screen.
  • Configure any preferences like keyboard layout, time zone, etc.
  • Connect to the Tor network.

6. Use Tails

Once Tails boots, you can use pre-installed tools like the Tor Browser for anonymous internet access.
Any changes made to Tails during a session are not saved unless you set up Persistent Storage.

Optional: Setting up Persistent Storage

Persistent Storage allows you to save specific files and settings across sessions:

  1. Click Applications > Configure Persistent Storage.
  2. Follow the on-screen instructions to create and manage your persistent storage.

Important Tips

  • Always verify the ISO file’s checksum to ensure it hasn’t been tampered with.
  • Avoid installing Tails permanently on your system; it’s designed for live usage.
  • Keep your Tails installation updated to stay secure.

Note: The above information is provided for educational purposes only.


How to automate tasks using AI

 We would be discussing about how to automate tasks using AI. There are many ways but today, we would be discussing one such approach.


STEP 1 : Visit https://console.groq.com/keys and copy the “API” keys.

STEP 2: Visit https://www.make.com and go to the Scenarios>Add a module> Groq>Paste the API key. Then, if we need to do wordpress automation, then simply type>Add new module>WordPress> Then install “Make” plugin in the wordress and copy paste the API Key and also provide the “WordPress REST API base url ” which is “https://my-wordpress-site.com/wp-json” , so URL will be “chinmaydeshmukh.in/wp-json”

STEP 3: Now, when clicking on Run Once, would automate the process.

How to use Mobile as Temporary Mouse

 Hi,

To use Mobile as a Temporary Mouse, please follow the below steps which are as follows:


  1. Visit “https://remotemouse.net” site and download the software for the laptop.
  2. Then in the mobile, install the app, from the playstore.
  3. Now, just connect over wifi, and use the “mobile” as mouse.
  4. One thing to note here is that, it is paid app, and offers free trial as well.

How to get Free SSL Certificate for the Website

 To get the Free SSL Certificate for the Website, follow the below given steps.


  1. Go to any free SSL Certificate provider.
  2. Then type the “website” or any domain, to which certificate is needed.
  3. Then, download the files and place them into the root directory of the website.
  4. Then simply upload the generated “certificate” bundle to the “Certificates” section of the website.

The method displayed here is general method.

A Comprehensive Guide to Understanding Blockchain Technology: Everything You Need to Know

 Blockchain technology has been making waves in various industries, from finance to healthcare to supply chain management. Understanding the basics of blockchain, including concepts like end-to-end encryption and the role of Bitcoin (BTC), is crucial in today’s digital era. This comprehensive guide will cover everything you need to know about blockchain technology, its applications, benefits, and challenges. Whether you are a business professional, investor, or simply curious about the future of technology, this guide will provide you with a solid foundation in blockchain.

What is blockchain technology and how does it work?

Blockchain technology is a decentralized, distributed ledger system that securely records transactions across a network of computers. Each block in the chain contains data, a timestamp, and a unique identifier (hash) that links it to the previous block. Transactions are verified by network participants, making it nearly impossible to alter past records. This transparency and immutability make blockchain technology highly secure and trustworthy. Smart contracts, self-executing coded contracts stored on the blockchain, further automate processes and enhance operational efficiency. Understanding how blockchain works is essential to grasp its vast potential across industries.

The benefits of blockchain technology

Blockchain technology offers various advantages that can revolutionize industries. Some benefits include enhanced security due to its decentralized nature, increased transparency through publicly available data, reduced transaction costs by eliminating intermediaries, improved traceability of goods in supply chains, and faster transaction processing times. The immutability of data on the blockchain ensures trust and auditability, while smart contracts streamline processes and reduce the risk of errors or fraud. Understanding these benefits is crucial for businesses looking to leverage blockchain technology for operational improvements and competitive advantages. Stay tuned to discover more about how blockchain technology can transform various sectors.

Common misconceptions about blockchain technology

Despite its numerous benefits, blockchain technology is often surrounded by misconceptions. One common myth is that blockchain is only used for cryptocurrencies, whereas it has a much broader application across various industries. Another misconception is that blockchain is entirely secure, overlooking the need for additional security measures to protect against hacking or fraud. Some also believe blockchain is too complex for widespread adoption, when in reality, user-friendly platforms and tools are becoming more accessible. By dispelling these misconceptions, individuals and businesses can better understand the true potential of blockchain technology and how it can positively impact their operations. Stay informed as we debunk more myths about blockchain technology.

The different types of blockchain networks

In order to fully comprehend blockchain technology, it is essential to understand the various types of blockchain networks that exist. There are primarily three types of blockchain networks: public, private, and consortium. Public blockchains are decentralized and open to anyone, offering transparency and immutability. Private blockchains, on the other hand, are centralized and restricted to authorized users, providing enhanced privacy and control. Consortium blockchains fall between the two, offering a balance of decentralization and control by allowing a select group of participants to validate transactions. Each type of blockchain network serves different purposes and caters to specific needs within industries. By understanding these distinctions, individuals and businesses can determine the most suitable blockchain network for their requirements. Stay tuned for more insights into the intricacies of blockchain technology.

How blockchain technology is being used in various industries

Blockchain technology has transcended beyond cryptocurrencies and is being adopted across diverse industries. In the financial sector, banks are leveraging blockchain for secure and transparent transactions. The supply chain industry utilizes blockchain to enhance traceability and reduce fraud. Healthcare systems implement blockchain for secure health records management. Real estate industry benefits from blockchain for seamless property transactions. Even voting systems are exploring blockchain for secure and transparent elections. The potential applications of blockchain are endless, revolutionizing traditional processes with its decentralized and secure nature. Stay tuned to explore the innovative ways blockchain is transforming industries worldwide.

The Future of Blockchain Technology

As we delve deeper into the capabilities of blockchain technology, it’s crucial to look ahead at what the future holds for this revolutionary innovation. Industry experts predict that blockchain will continue to disrupt traditional business models, offering increased efficiency, security, and transparency. The integration of artificial intelligence and Internet of Things (IoT) with blockchain technology has the potential to revolutionize various sectors further. Additionally, advancements in scalability and interoperability will pave the way for widespread adoption of blockchain on a global scale. Keep an eye on this space as we uncover the evolving trends and opportunities that blockchain technology is set to bring in the coming years. Stay informed and stay ahead in this ever-evolving landscape of blockchain technology.

Conclusion

Embracing the potential of blockchain technologyIn conclusion, blockchain technology holds immense promise in transforming diverse industries through its secure, transparent, and efficient nature. As we witness the ongoing developments and innovations in this field, it becomes increasingly evident that embracing blockchain is not just an option but a necessity for businesses seeking to stay relevant in the rapidly changing digital landscape. By understanding the fundamental principles and functionalities of blockchain technology, individuals and organizations can harness its potential to streamline operations, enhance cybersecurity measures, and drive unprecedented levels of trust and collaboration. Let us embark on this transformative journey with an open mind and a readiness to adapt to the transformative power of blockchain technology.

The Rise of Quantum Computing: Ushering in a New Era of Technology

 Quantum computing, once a theoretical concept confined to the realms of academic research, is rapidly transitioning into a practical technology poised to revolutionize various industries. Unlike classical computers, which use bits as the basic unit of information, quantum computers leverage quantum bits, or qubits, enabling them to process vast amounts of data at unprecedented speeds. This article explores the fundamentals of quantum computing, its potential applications, and the challenges that lie ahead.


Understanding Quantum Computing

At the heart of quantum computing lies the principle of quantum superposition, which allows qubits to exist in multiple states simultaneously. This is in stark contrast to classical bits, which can only be in one of two states: 0 or 1. Additionally, quantum entanglement, another core principle, enables qubits that are entangled to be interconnected in such a way that the state of one qubit instantaneously influences the state of another, regardless of distance. These principles collectively enable quantum computers to perform complex calculations much more efficiently than their classical counterparts.

Potential Applications

The transformative potential of quantum computing spans a wide array of fields:

Cryptography

Quantum computers could break current cryptographic systems by efficiently solving complex mathematical problems, leading to the development of quantum-resistant encryption methods.

Drug Discovery and Material Science

Quantum simulations can model molecular and chemical interactions at an atomic level, significantly accelerating the discovery of new drugs and materials.

Optimization Problems

Quantum algorithms can solve optimization problems more effectively, benefiting industries such as logistics, finance, and manufacturing by optimizing supply chains, financial portfolios, and production processes.

Artificial Intelligence

Quantum computing could enhance machine learning algorithms, enabling more sophisticated data analysis and pattern recognition, thus advancing AI capabilities.

Challenges and the Path Forward

Despite its promise, quantum computing faces several significant challenges:

Technical Hurdles

Maintaining qubits in a stable state long enough to perform calculations (known as coherence time) is a major challenge. Quantum systems are highly sensitive to environmental noise, which can cause errors.

Scalability

Building large-scale quantum computers with thousands or millions of qubits is still an ongoing challenge. Current quantum computers are in the range of tens to hundreds of qubits.

Error Correction

Developing efficient quantum error correction techniques is crucial for the reliability of quantum computations. This requires a significant overhead in terms of additional qubits.

Skill and Knowledge Gap

The field of quantum computing requires a deep understanding of quantum mechanics, computer science, and mathematics, necessitating a highly specialized workforce that is currently in short supply.

Conclusion

Quantum computing stands on the brink of transforming technology and industry in ways previously unimaginable. While significant technical and practical challenges remain, ongoing research and development efforts are steadily paving the way for this revolutionary technology. As advancements continue, quantum computing promises to unlock new frontiers in computation, bringing about solutions to some of the most complex problems facing humanity today.The journey of quantum computing is just beginning, and its evolution over the next few decades will likely redefine the technological landscape, opening up a new era of innovation and discovery.


The Evolution and Impact of 5G Technology

 The advent of 5G technology marks a significant milestone in the evolution of telecommunications, promising to revolutionize the way we connect, communicate, and interact with technology. With its unprecedented speed, low latency, and massive connectivity potential, 5G is set to transform various industries and enhance everyday life in ways previously unimaginable.


Understanding 5G Technology

5G, or fifth-generation wireless technology, is the latest iteration of mobile networks, succeeding 4G LTE. It operates on higher frequency bands, including millimeter waves, which allow for greater data transfer rates and capacity. 5G networks are designed to provide peak data speeds of up to 10 Gbps, significantly lower latency (as low as 1 millisecond), and the ability to connect a vast number of devices simultaneously.

Key Features and Benefits

1. Ultra-Fast Speeds

One of the most significant advantages of 5G is its speed. With data transfer rates up to 100 times faster than 4G, users can download movies in seconds, stream high-definition content without buffering, and enjoy real-time online gaming experiences.

2. Low Latency

Latency, the time it takes for data to travel from one point to another, is drastically reduced in 5G networks. This low latency is crucial for applications requiring real-time responsiveness, such as autonomous vehicles, remote surgery, and virtual reality (VR).

3. Massive Connectivity

5G technology supports a much higher density of connected devices per square kilometer compared to 4G. This capability is essential for the Internet of Things (IoT), enabling smart cities, connected homes, and industrial automation.

4. Enhanced Reliability

5G networks are designed to be more reliable and resilient, ensuring consistent performance even in densely populated areas and challenging environments.

Transformative Applications

1. Healthcare

5G can revolutionize healthcare by enabling telemedicine, remote patient monitoring, and even remote surgery. High-speed, low-latency connections allow doctors to perform procedures from miles away with precision and reliability.

2. Autonomous Vehicles

The automotive industry stands to benefit significantly from 5G. Autonomous vehicles rely on real-time data for navigation and safety. With 5G’s low latency and high-speed communication, self-driving cars can make instant decisions, improving safety and efficiency on the roads.

3. Smart Cities

5G can support the development of smart cities, where interconnected devices and sensors collect and analyze data to optimize urban services. This includes smart traffic management, energy-efficient buildings, and enhanced public safety systems.

4. Augmented and Virtual Reality

5G’s high bandwidth and low latency are perfect for AR and VR applications. This technology can be used in gaming, education, and professional training, providing immersive and interactive experiences.

5. Industrial Automation

Manufacturing and logistics can be transformed by 5G through the implementation of smart factories. Real-time monitoring and control of machinery, enhanced robotics, and automated supply chain management can lead to increased productivity and reduced operational costs.

Challenges and Considerations

While the potential of 5G is immense, several challenges need to be addressed

1. Infrastructure Investment

Deploying 5G networks requires significant investment in infrastructure, including new antennas and base stations. This is particularly challenging in rural and underserved areas.

2. Security Concerns

With the increase in connected devices, 5G networks face heightened security risks. Ensuring robust cybersecurity measures are in place is critical to protect data and maintain user privacy.

3. Regulatory and Spectrum Issues

The allocation of spectrum for 5G use involves regulatory challenges. Governments and telecommunications authorities need to coordinate to ensure optimal use of frequency bands.

4. Health Concerns

There are ongoing debates about the potential health effects of exposure to higher frequency radio waves used in 5G. While current research indicates that 5G is safe, continuous monitoring and research are essential.

Conclusion

5G technology is set to be a game-changer, offering transformative benefits across various sectors and enhancing everyday life. While challenges exist, the potential rewards are immense. As 5G continues to roll out globally, it will pave the way for innovations that were once the realm of science fiction, ushering in a new era of connectivity and technological advancement. The future of 5G holds exciting prospects, and its impact will be felt for generations to come.


Exploring Rust: The Programming Language of the Future

 As the technological landscape continues to evolve, developers are constantly on the lookout for programming languages that offer greater efficiency, security, and performance. Among the numerous languages available, Rust has emerged as a game-changer. Known for its emphasis on safety and concurrency, Rust is gaining popularity for systems programming, web development, and beyond. This article delves into the unique features of Rust, its advantages, and why it’s becoming the language of choice for many developers

What is Rust?

Rust is a systems programming language that was first introduced by Mozilla in 2010. Designed with performance and safety in mind, Rust aims to overcome the limitations of older languages like C and C++. One of Rust’s standout features is its ability to prevent memory-related errors such as null pointer dereferencing and buffer overflows, which are common in traditional systems programming languages.

Key Features of Rust

Memory Safety:

Rust’s ownership system ensures memory safety without needing a garbage collector. This system enforces strict rules on how memory is managed, preventing common bugs that can lead to security vulnerabilities and system crashes. Each value in Rust has a single owner, and the compiler ensures that values are properly cleaned up when they go out of scope.

Concurrency

Concurrency is notoriously difficult to handle correctly, often leading to race conditions and deadlocks. Rust’s concurrency model, based on ownership and borrowing, ensures that data races are impossible at compile time. This allows developers to write safe and efficient concurrent code without the usual pitfalls.

Performance

Rust is designed to be as close to the metal as possible, offering performance on par with C and C++. It achieves this without sacrificing safety, making it ideal for performance-critical applications like game engines, operating systems, and real-time services.

Tooling and Ecosystem

Rust comes with a rich set of tools that enhance developer productivity. Cargo, Rust’s package manager and build system, simplifies project management, dependency resolution, and code compilation. The language also boasts a growing ecosystem of libraries and frameworks, including Rocket for web development and Tokio for asynchronous programming.

Advantages of Rust

Safety Without Compromise:

One of Rust’s most significant advantages is its ability to guarantee safety without compromising on performance. This makes it suitable for developing secure software, which is increasingly important in today’s cybersecurity landscape.

Modern Syntax:

Rust’s syntax is modern and expressive, borrowing concepts from languages like Python and JavaScript, which makes it accessible to developers from various backgrounds. Features like pattern matching, powerful enums, and macros contribute to a more productive coding experience.

Community and Support:

Rust has a vibrant and welcoming community that actively contributes to its development. The Rust Foundation, established to support the language’s growth, ensures that Rust remains open and well-maintained. The community’s emphasis on collaboration and inclusivity makes it easy for newcomers to get involved and find support.

Versatility

While Rust excels in systems programming, it is also versatile enough to be used in web development, embedded systems, and more. With frameworks like Actix and Rocket, Rust is proving to be a strong contender in the web development space, offering performance benefits over traditional languages like JavaScript and Python.

Rust in Action

Rust is already being adopted by major companies and projects. Mozilla uses Rust in its Servo web browser engine, while Dropbox employs it to handle file synchronization. Microsoft has also explored Rust for secure and efficient systems programming. These real-world applications demonstrate Rust’s capability to handle complex, high-performance tasks in a safe and reliable manner.

Conclusion

Rust is more than just a programming language; it represents a paradigm shift in how developers approach safety and performance. By eliminating common programming errors and offering robust concurrency support, Rust is well-positioned to meet the demands of modern software development. Whether you’re building the next operating system, a web application, or an embedded system, Rust offers the tools and capabilities to help you succeed. As the tech industry continues to prioritize security and efficiency, Rust is set to become an essential language for developers worldwide.

Monday, September 22, 2025

The Everyday Impact of AI: Innovations and Implications

 Introduction

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is no longer a concept confined to science fiction. Over the past few decades, AI has evolved from a niche field of study to an integral part of our everyday lives. From personal assistants to predictive analytics, AI is revolutionizing the way we live, work, and interact with the world. This article explores the profound impact of AI on various aspects of daily life, its potential future developments, and the ethical considerations that accompany its rapid advancement.

Understanding Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence refers to the simulation of human intelligence in machines that are programmed to think and learn like humans. AI systems can perform tasks that typically require human intelligence, such as visual perception, speech recognition, decision-making, and language translation. AI can be classified into three types: Narrow AI, General AI, and Super AI. Narrow AI is designed to perform specific tasks, General AI has the ability to understand and learn any intellectual task that a human can, and Super AI surpasses human intelligence and capability.

AI in Personal Assistants

One of the most ubiquitous applications of AI in everyday life is through personal assistants such as Siri, Alexa, and Google Assistant. These AI-powered assistants can perform a wide range of tasks, from setting reminders and sending messages to controlling smart home devices and providing weather updates. By leveraging natural language processing and machine learning, personal assistants are becoming increasingly sophisticated, enabling more intuitive and efficient interactions.

AI in Healthcare

The healthcare industry has greatly benefited from the integration of AI. AI-driven diagnostic tools can analyze medical images, predict disease outbreaks, and provide personalized treatment recommendations. For instance, AI algorithms can detect early signs of diseases such as cancer by analyzing medical imaging data with higher accuracy than human doctors. Additionally, AI-powered wearable devices can monitor vital signs in real-time, allowing for early intervention and better management of chronic conditions.

AI in Finance

The financial sector is leveraging AI to enhance customer service, detect fraud, and improve decision-making processes. AI algorithms can analyze vast amounts of data to identify patterns and predict market trends, enabling more informed investment decisions. Chatbots powered by AI are used by banks and financial institutions to provide customer support, answer queries, and assist with transactions. Furthermore, AI systems can detect fraudulent activities by analyzing transaction data and identifying anomalies in real-time.

AI in Education

AI is transforming the education sector by providing personalized learning experiences and automating administrative tasks. AI-powered educational platforms can adapt to the learning pace and style of individual students, offering customized content and assessments. This personalized approach helps students grasp concepts more effectively and improves their overall learning outcomes. Additionally, AI can automate administrative tasks such as grading and attendance tracking, allowing educators to focus more on teaching and student engagement.

AI in Entertainment

The entertainment industry is embracing AI to enhance content creation, recommendation systems, and user experiences. Streaming services like Netflix and Spotify use AI algorithms to analyze user preferences and recommend personalized content. AI is also being used in video game development to create more realistic and adaptive gameplay experiences. Moreover, AI-driven tools are enabling the creation of digital art, music, and even scripts, pushing the boundaries of creativity and innovation in the entertainment industry.

AI in Transportation

AI is playing a crucial role in transforming the transportation sector. Autonomous vehicles, powered by AI, are being developed to navigate and operate without human intervention. These self-driving cars use a combination of sensors, cameras, and machine learning algorithms to perceive their environment and make real-time decisions. AI is also being used in traffic management systems to optimize traffic flow, reduce congestion, and enhance road safety. Additionally, AI-powered ride-sharing platforms are improving the efficiency and convenience of urban transportation.

AI in Retail

The retail industry is leveraging AI to enhance customer experiences, optimize inventory management, and improve sales strategies. AI-powered chatbots and virtual assistants are being used by retailers to provide personalized shopping recommendations and assist customers with their queries. AI algorithms can analyze consumer behavior and preferences to optimize inventory levels, ensuring that popular products are always in stock. Moreover, AI-driven analytics can help retailers identify trends, forecast demand, and develop targeted marketing campaigns.

AI in Home Automation

AI is at the heart of smart home technology, enabling automation and control of various household devices. Smart thermostats, lighting systems, and security cameras can learn user preferences and adjust settings accordingly, providing enhanced comfort, energy efficiency, and security. Voice-controlled AI assistants, such as Amazon Echo and Google Home, allow users to control their smart home devices with simple voice commands. As AI continues to advance, the integration of smart home technology is expected to become even more seamless and intuitive.

AI in Customer Service

AI is revolutionizing customer service by providing instant, efficient, and personalized support. AI-powered chatbots and virtual agents can handle a wide range of customer queries, from answering frequently asked questions to troubleshooting technical issues. These AI systems use natural language processing to understand and respond to customer inquiries in real-time, improving response times and customer satisfaction. Additionally, AI can analyze customer interactions and feedback to identify areas for improvement and optimize customer service processes.

Ethical Considerations and Challenges

While the rise of AI presents numerous opportunities, it also raises important ethical considerations and challenges. One of the primary concerns is the potential loss of jobs due to automation. As AI systems become more capable of performing tasks traditionally done by humans, there is a risk of job displacement in various industries. It is crucial to address this challenge by investing in reskilling and upskilling programs to prepare the workforce for the future job market.

Another ethical consideration is the issue of data privacy and security. AI systems rely on vast amounts of data to function effectively, and the collection and use of this data must be handled responsibly. Ensuring that AI systems are transparent, explainable, and accountable is essential to building trust and mitigating potential risks.

Additionally, there is a need to address the potential biases in AI algorithms. AI systems can inadvertently perpetuate existing biases present in the data they are trained on, leading to unfair and discriminatory outcomes. It is crucial to develop and implement strategies to identify and mitigate these biases to ensure that AI systems are fair and inclusive.

The Future of AI

The future of AI is full of possibilities. As AI continues to evolve, we can expect to see even more innovative applications and advancements across various sectors. Some of the key areas of development include:

  • AI and Robotics: The integration of AI with robotics is expected to revolutionize industries such as manufacturing, healthcare, and logistics. AI-powered robots can perform complex tasks with precision and efficiency, enhancing productivity and safety.
  • AI in Climate Change: AI can play a crucial role in addressing climate change by optimizing energy consumption, predicting environmental changes, and developing sustainable solutions.
  • AI in Education: AI-driven personalized learning platforms can transform education by providing tailored learning experiences, identifying learning gaps, and supporting teachers in delivering effective instruction.
  • AI in Healthcare: The continued development of AI-driven diagnostics, treatment planning, and drug discovery can significantly improve patient outcomes and reduce healthcare costs.
  • AI in Space Exploration: AI is expected to play a vital role in space exploration by assisting in mission planning, data analysis, and autonomous operations.

Conclusion

The rise of artificial intelligence is transforming our everyday lives in profound ways. From personal assistants and healthcare to finance and education, AI is enhancing efficiency, improving decision-making, and creating new opportunities. However, it is essential to address the ethical considerations and challenges associated with AI to ensure that its benefits are realized in a responsible and inclusive manner. As we continue toharness the power of AI, we must prioritize transparency, accountability, and fairness in its development and implementation. By doing so, we can maximize the positive impact of AI on society while minimizing potential risks.

The future of AI holds tremendous promise, and its continued evolution will undoubtedly bring about even more significant advancements across various sectors. As we navigate this rapidly changing technological landscape, it is crucial to foster a collaborative approach that involves stakeholders from different fields, including researchers, policymakers, industry leaders, and the public.

Through thoughtful and ethical AI innovation, we can create a future where AI not only augments human capabilities but also addresses some of the most pressing challenges facing humanity. The rise of AI in everyday life is just the beginning, and with responsible stewardship, it has the potential to shape a better, more connected, and more efficient world for generations to come.

The Future of Quantum Computing

 

Introduction

Quantum computing represents one of the most revolutionary advancements in the field of technology. By leveraging the principles of quantum mechanics, quantum computers promise to solve complex problems that are currently intractable for classical computers. This article explores the fundamentals of quantum computing, its potential applications, current progress, challenges, and the future outlook of this transformative technology.

Understanding Quantum Computing

Quantum computing is based on the principles of quantum mechanics, a branch of physics that deals with phenomena at the atomic and subatomic levels. Unlike classical computers that use bits as the smallest unit of data, quantum computers use quantum bits or qubits. Qubits can exist in multiple states simultaneously, thanks to the principles of superposition and entanglement, enabling quantum computers to process vast amounts of information at unprecedented speeds.

How Quantum Computing Works

The fundamental difference between classical and quantum computing lies in how data is processed. Classical computers use bits that are either 0 or 1, while qubits can be both 0 and 1 at the same time due to superposition. Additionally, entanglement allows qubits that are entangled to be connected in such a way that the state of one qubit directly influences the state of another, regardless of the distance between them. These unique properties enable quantum computers to perform complex calculations exponentially faster than classical computers.

Applications of Quantum Computing

Quantum computing has the potential to revolutionize various fields by providing solutions to problems that are currently unsolvable. Some key applications include:

  • Cryptography: Quantum computers can break traditional cryptographic codes, leading to the development of new, quantum-resistant encryption methods.
  • Drug Discovery: Quantum computing can simulate molecular structures and interactions at a quantum level, accelerating the discovery of new drugs and materials.
  • Optimization Problems: Industries such as logistics, finance, and manufacturing can benefit from quantum algorithms that solve complex optimization problems more efficiently.
  • Artificial Intelligence: Quantum computing can enhance machine learning algorithms, leading to more accurate predictions and better decision-making.
  • Climate Modeling: Quantum computers can process vast amounts of climate data to create more accurate models, helping to predict and mitigate the effects of climate change.

Current Progress in Quantum Computing

Significant progress has been made in the field of quantum computing over the past few years. Major technology companies such as IBM, Google, and Microsoft, along with numerous startups, are actively developing quantum computers. In 2019, Google claimed to have achieved “quantum supremacy” by performing a calculation on its quantum computer that would take a classical supercomputer thousands of years to complete. While this claim is still debated, it marks a significant milestone in the development of quantum computing.

Various quantum computing platforms are being explored, including superconducting qubits, trapped ions, and topological qubits. Each platform has its own set of advantages and challenges, and researchers are continually working to improve qubit coherence times, error rates, and scalability.

Challenges in Quantum Computing

Despite the tremendous potential of quantum computing, several challenges must be overcome before it can be widely adopted. Some of the key challenges include:

  • Decoherence: Qubits are extremely sensitive to their environment and can lose their quantum state due to interactions with their surroundings, a phenomenon known as decoherence.
  • Error Rates: Quantum operations are prone to errors, and developing error-correcting codes for quantum computers is a complex task.
  • Scalability: Building quantum computers with a large number of qubits that can perform useful computations is a significant engineering challenge.
  • Hardware Limitations: Quantum computers require extremely low temperatures and sophisticated infrastructure, making them challenging to build and maintain.
  • Algorithm Development: Developing algorithms that can fully leverage the power of quantum computing is still an ongoing area of research.

Future Outlook

The future of quantum computing is incredibly promising, with potential breakthroughs expected in the coming years. Researchers are optimistic about overcoming current challenges and achieving practical quantum computing applications. Some key areas of focus include:

  • Quantum Hardware: Advancements in quantum hardware are expected to improve qubit coherence times, reduce error rates, and increase scalability.
  • Quantum Algorithms: Continued development of quantum algorithms will enable more efficient and powerful applications across various fields.
  • Quantum Cloud Services: Cloud-based quantum computing platforms will provide broader access to quantum computing resources, enabling more researchers and developers to experiment with quantum algorithms.
  • Quantum-Resistant Cryptography: As quantum computers become more capable, the development of quantum-resistant cryptographic methods will be essential to secure digital communications.
  • Interdisciplinary Collaboration: Collaboration between physicists, computer scientists, engineers, and industry experts will drive the development and adoption of quantum computing technologies.

Quantum Computing and Society

The impact of quantum computing on society will be profound. As quantum computers become more powerful and accessible, they will drive innovation and transform various industries. However, it is also essential to consider the ethical and societal implications of this technology. Ensuring that the benefits of quantum computing are distributed equitably and addressing potential risks such as cybersecurity threats will be crucial.

Policymakers, researchers, and industry leaders must work together to establish frameworks and guidelines for the responsible development and deployment of quantum computing. Public awareness and education about quantum computing will also play a vital role in preparing society for the changes this technology will bring.

Conclusion

Quantum computing holds the promise of revolutionizing technology and society in ways that are difficult to fully comprehend. Its ability to solve complex problems, optimize processes, and enhance our understanding of the universe positions it as one of the most significant technological advancements of our time. While challenges remain, the progress made thus far and the ongoing research efforts are paving the way for a quantum future.

As we stand on the brink of the quantum era, it is crucial to approach this technology with a sense of responsibility and collaboration. By addressing the technical, ethical, and societal challenges, we can harness the full potential of quantum computing to create a better, more innovative, and more secure future for all.


How to code with AI

 So, today we would be discussing about to code with the help of the AI. There are multiple sites available but the tool, which we would be mentioning in the today’s article would be, “Qwen2.5-Coder-32B with SambaNova Cloud API” respectively.


Simply visit the URL, and try to code with the AI.

https://huggingface.co/spaces/sambanovasystems/SambaNova-Qwen2.5-Coder-Artifacts

Again, at last but not the least, there are various “AI” agents as well, which can automate the tasks respectively.

Java Coding Problem Solution Practice

 I. Richie Rich

Chef aims to be the richest person in Chefland by his new restaurant franchise. Currently, his assets are worth AA billion dollars and have no liabilities. He aims to increase his assets by XX billion dollars per year.

Also, all the richest people in Chefland are not planning to grow and maintain their current worth.

To be the richest person in Chefland, he needs to be worth at least BB billion dollars. How many years will it take Chef to reach his goal if his value increases by XX billion dollars each year?

Input

  • The first line contains an integer TT, the number of test cases. Then the test cases follow.
  • Each test case contains a single line of input, three integers AA, BB, XX.

Output

For each test case, output in a single line the answer to the problem.

Constraints

  • 1≤T≤21 0001≤T≤21 000
  • 100≤A<B≤200100≤A<B≤200
  • 1≤X≤501≤X≤50
  • XX divides B−ABA

Subtasks

Subtask #1 (100 points): Original constraints

Sample 1:

Input

Output

3
100 200 10
111 199 11
190 200 10
10
8
1

Explanation:

Test Case 1: Chef needs to increase his worth by 200−100=100200−100=100 billion dollars and his increment per year being 1010 billion dollars, so it will take him 10010=1010100​=10 years to do so.

Test Case 2: Chef needs to increase his worth by 199−111=88199−111=88 billion dollars and his increment per year being 1111 billion dollars, so it will take him 8811=81188​=8 years to do so.

Test Case 3: Chef needs to increase his worth by 200−190=10200−190=10 billion dollars and his increment per year being 1010 billion dollars, so it will take him 1010=11010​=1 year to do so.

import java.util.*;
import java.lang.*;
import java.io.*;

class Codechef
{
	public static void main (String[] args) throws java.lang.Exception
	{
		// your code goes here
		Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
		int T = sc.nextInt();
		while (T-- > 0) {
		    int A = sc.nextInt();
		    int B = sc.nextInt();
		    int X = sc.nextInt();
		    
		    int years = (B - A) / X;
		    
		    System.out.println(years);
		}
		sc.close();
		

	}
}


II. Vaccine Dates

Chef has taken his first dose of vaccine DD days ago. He may take the second dose no less than LL days and no more than RR days since his first dose.

Determine if Chef is too early, too late, or in the correct range for taking his second dose.

Input Format

  • First line will contain TT, number of testcases. Then the testcases follow.
  • Each testcase contains of a single line of input, three integers D,L,RD,L,R.

Output Format

For each test case, print a single line containing one string – “Too Early” (without quotes) if it’s too early to take the vaccine, “Too Late” (without quotes) if it’s too late to take the vaccine, “Take second dose now” (without quotes) if it’s the correct time to take the vaccine.

Constraints

  • 1≤T≤1051≤T≤105
  • 1≤D≤1091≤D≤109
  • 1≤L≤R≤1091≤LR≤109

Subtasks

  • Subtask 1 (100 points): Original constraints

Sample 1:

Input

Output

4
10 8 12 
14 2 10
4444 5555 6666 
8 8 12
Take second dose now
Too Late
Too Early
Take second dose now

Explanation:

Test case 1: The second dose needs to be taken within 88 to 1212 days and since the Day 1010 lies in this range, we can take the second dose now.

Test case 2: The second dose needs to be taken within 22 to 1010 days since Day 1414 lies after this range, it is too late now.

Test case 3: The second dose needs to be taken within 55555555 to 66666666 days and since the Day 44444444 lies prior to this range, it is too early now.

import java.util.*;
import java.lang.*;
import java.io.*;

class Codechef
{
	public static void main (String[] args) throws java.lang.Exception
	{
		// your code goes here
		Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
		int T = sc.nextInt();
		while (T --> 0) {
		    int D = sc.nextInt();
		    int L = sc.nextInt();
		    int R = sc.nextInt();
		    if (D < L) {
		        System.out.println("Too Early"); }
		    else if (D > R) {
		        System.out.println("Too late"); }
		    else {
		        System.out.println("Take second dose now");
		    }
		    
		    
		    
		}

	}
}

III. Hoop Jump
You and your friend are playing a game with hoops. There are NN hoops (where NN is odd) in a row. You jump into hoop 11, and your friend jumps into hoop NN. Then you jump into hoop 22, and after that, your friend jumps into hoop N−1N−1, and so on.

The process ends when someone cannot make the next jump because the hoop is occupied by the other person. Find the last hoop that will be jumped into.

Input

  • The first line contains an integer TT, the number of test cases. Then the test cases follow.
  • Each test case contains a single line of input, a single integer NN.

Output

For each testcase, output in a single line the answer to the problem.

Constraints

  • 1≤T≤1051≤T≤105
  • 1≤N<2⋅1051≤N<2⋅105
  • NN is odd

Subtasks

Subtask #1 (100 points): original constraints

Sample 1:

Input

Output

2
1
3
1
2

Explanation:

Test Case 11: Since there is only 11 hoop, that’s the only one to be jumped into.

Test Case 22: The first player jumps into hoop 11. The second player jumps into hoop 33 and finally the first player jumps into hoop 22. Then the second player cannot make another jump, so the process stops.

import java.util.*;
import java.lang.*;
import java.io.*;

class Codechef
{
	public static void main (String[] args) throws java.lang.Exception
	{
		// your code goes here
		Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
		int T = sc.nextInt();
		for(int i=0;i<T;i++){
		    int N = sc.nextInt();
		    System.out.println((N+1)/2);
		}
		
	}
}

IV. The Two Dishes
Chef prepared two dishes yesterday. Chef had assigned the tastinesstastiness T1T1​ and T2T2​ to the first and to the second dish respectively. The tastiness of the dishes can be any integerinteger between 00 and NN (both inclusive).

Unfortunately, Chef has forgotten the values of T1T1​ and T2T2​ that he had assigned to the dishes. However, he remembers the sum of the tastiness of both the dishes – denoted by SS.

Chef wonders, what can be the maximum possible absolute difference between the tastiness of the two dishes. Can you help the Chef in finding the maximum absolute difference?

It is guaranteed that at least one pair {T1,T2}{T1​,T2​} exist such that T1+T2=S,0≤T1,T2≤NT1​+T2​=S,0≤T1​,T2​≤N.

Input Format

  • The first line of input contains a single integer TT, denoting the number of testcases. The description of the TT testcases follows.
  • The first and only line of each test case contains two space-separated integers NN, SS, denoting the maximum tastiness and the sum of tastiness of the two dishes, respectively.

Output Format

For each testcase, output a single line containing the maximum absolute difference between the tastiness of the two dishes.

Constraints

  • 1≤T≤1031≤T≤103
  • 1≤N≤1051≤N≤105
  • 1≤S≤2⋅1051≤S≤2⋅105

Sample 1:

Input

Output

3
3 1
4 4
2 3
1
4
1

Explanation:

Test Case 11: The possible pairs of {T1,T2}{T1​,T2​} are {0,1}{0,1} and {1,0}{1,0}. Difference in both the cases is 11, hence the maximum possible absolute difference is 11.

Test Case 22: The possible pairs of {T1,T2}{T1​,T2​} are {0,4}{0,4}, {1,3}{1,3}, {2,2}{2,2}, {3,1}{3,1} and {4,0}{4,0}. The maximum possible absolute difference is 44.

Test Case 33: The possible pairs of {T1,T2}{T1​,T2​} are {1,2}{1,2} and {2,1}{2,1}. Difference in both the cases is 11, and hence the maximum possible absolute difference is 11.

import java.util.*;
import java.lang.*;
import java.io.*;

class Codechef
{
	public static void main (String[] args) throws java.lang.Exception
	{
		// your code goes here
		Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
		int T = sc.nextInt();
		for (int i=0;i<T;i++){
		int N = sc.nextInt();
		int S = sc.nextInt();
		if (N>=S) {
		    System.out.println(S); }
		else {
		    System.out.println((2*N)-S);
		}
		}

	}
}

V. Problem Category

Chef prepared a problem. The admin has rated this problem for xx points.

A problem is called :

  1. Easy if 1≤x<1001≤x<100
  2. Medium if 100≤x<200100≤x<200
  3. Hard if 200≤x≤300200≤x≤300

Find the category to which Chef’s problem belongs.

Input Format

  • The first line contains TT denoting the number of test cases. Then the test cases follow.
  • The first and only line of each test case contains a single integer xx.

Output Format

For each test case, output in a single line the category of Chef’s problem, i.e whether it is an EasyMedium or Hard problem. The output is case sensitive.

Constraints

  • 1≤T≤501≤T≤50
  • 1≤x≤3001≤x≤300

Subtasks

  • Subtask 1 (100 points): Original constraints

Sample 1:

Input

Output

3
50
172
201
Easy
Medium
Hard

Explanation:

Test case 11: The problem with rating x=50x=50 is an easy problem as 1≤50<1001≤50<100.

Test case 22: The problem with rating x=172x=172 is a medium problem as 100≤172<200100≤172<200.

Test case 33: The problem with rating x=201x=201 is a hard problem as 200≤201≤300200≤201≤300.

import java.util.*;
import java.lang.*;
import java.io.*;

class Codechef
{
	public static void main (String[] args) throws java.lang.Exception
	{
		// your code goes here
		Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
		int T = sc.nextInt();
		for (int i = 0; i < T; i++) {
		    int x = sc.nextInt();
		    if (1 <= x && x < 100) { System.out.println("Easy"); }
		    else if (100 <= x && x < 200) { System.out.println("Medium"); }
		    else if(200 <= x && x <= 300) {System.out.println("Hard"); }
		
		    
		}
	}
}

VI. Programming Languages

Chef is a software developer, so he has to switch between different languages sometimes. Each programming language has some features, which are represented by integers here.

Currently, Chef has to use a language with two given features AA and BB. He has two options — switching to a language with two features A1A1​ and B1B1​, or to a language with two features A2A2​ and B2B2​. All four features of these two languages are pairwise distinct.

Tell Chef whether he can use the first language, the second language or neither of these languages (if no single language has all the required features).

Input Format

  • The first line of the input contains a single integer TT denoting the number of test cases. The description of TT test cases follows.
  • The first and only line of each test case contains six space-separated integers A,B,A1,B1,A2,B2A,B,A1​,B1​,A2​,B2​.

Output Format

For each test case, print a single line containing the integer 11 if Chef should switch to the first language, or 22 if Chef should switch to the second language, or 00 if Chef cannot switch to either language.

Constraints

  • 1≤T≤2881≤T≤288
  • 1≤A,B,A1,B1,A2,B2≤41≤A,B,A1​,B1​,A2​,B2​≤4
  • A,BA,B are distinct
  • A1,B1,A2,B2A1​,B1​,A2​,B2​ are pairwise distinct

Subtasks

Subtask #1 (100 points): original constraints

Sample 1:

Input

Output

3
1 2 2 1 3 4
3 4 2 1 4 3
1 2 1 3 2 4
1
2
0

Explanation:

Example case 1: The first language has the required features — features 11 and 22.

Example case 2: The second language has the required features — features 33 and 44.

Example case 3: Neither language has both features 11 and 22.

import java.util.*;
import java.lang.*;
import java.io.*;

class Codechef
{
	public static void main (String[] args) throws java.lang.Exception
	{
		// your code goes here
		Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
		int T = sc.nextInt();
		for (int i = 0; i < T; i++) {
		    int A = sc.nextInt();
		    int B = sc.nextInt();
		    int A1 = sc.nextInt();
		    int B1 = sc.nextInt();
		    int A2 = sc.nextInt();
		    int B2 = sc.nextInt();
		    
		    if ((A1 == A || B1 == A) && (A1 == B || B1 == B)) { System.out.println(1);}
		    else if ((A2 == A || B2 == A) && (A2 == B || B2 == B)) {System.out.println(2);}
		    else  {System.out.println(0);}
		}
		

	}
}

VII. Chef and Spells

Chef has three spells. Their powers are AA, BB, and CC respectively. Initially, Chef has 00 hit points, and if he uses a spell with power PP, then his number of hit points increases by PP.

Before going to sleep, Chef wants to use exactly two spells out of these three. Find the maximum number of hit points Chef can have after using the spells.

Input Format

  • The first line of the input contains a single integer TT denoting the number of test cases. The description of TT test cases follows.
  • The first and only line of each test case contains three space-separated integers AA, BB, and CC.

Output Format

For each test case, print a single line containing one integer — the maximum number of hit points.

Constraints

  • 1≤T≤1041≤T≤104
  • 1≤A,B,C≤1081≤A,B,C≤108

Subtasks

Subtask #1 (100 points): original constraints

Sample 1:

Input

Output

2
4 2 8
10 14 18
12
32

Explanation:

Example case 1: Chef has three possible options:

  • Use the first and second spell and have 4+2=64+2=6 hitpoints.
  • Use the second and third spell and have 2+8=102+8=10 hitpoints.
  • Use the first and third spell and have 4+8=124+8=12 hitpoints.

Chef should choose the third option and use the spells with power 44 and 88 to have 1212 hitpoints.

Example case 2: Chef should use the spells with power 1414 and 1818.

import java.util.*;
import java.lang.*;
import java.io.*;

class Codechef
{
	public static void main (String[] args) throws java.lang.Exception
	{
		// your code goes here
		Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
		int T = sc.nextInt();
		
		for (int i=0; i<T; i++) {
		    int A = sc.nextInt();
		    int B = sc.nextInt();
		    int C = sc.nextInt();
		    
		    int D = (A+B);
		    int E = (B+C);
		    int F = (A+C);
	
		    if((D > E) && (D > F)) { System.out.println(D);}
		    else if ((E > D) && (E > F)) { System.out.println(E);}
		    else if ((F > D) && (F > E)) { System.out.println(F);}
		    else if ((D == E) && (E == F)) {System.out.println(D);}
		    else if (E == F) {System.out.println(E);}
		    else if (D == F) {System.out.println(D);}
		    else if (D == E) {System.out.println(D);}
		
		}
		    
	}
}

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